Al-Kachi

Biographie :

Il assista à une éclipse de lune en 1406 à Kashan et rédigea plusieurs ouvrages astronomiques dans les années suivantes. Ses Khaqani zij (tables du grand khan) furent dédiées à Shah Rukh ou à Oulough Beg.

Oulough Beg invita al-Kashi à Samarcande en 1420, année de l'ouverture de la médersa qui porte son nom. Al-Kachi y enseigna avec Qadi-zadeh Roumi, le professeur d'Oulough Beg, et probablement Oulough Beg lui-même.

Al-Kachi joua un rôle important dans la conception de l'observatoire de Samarcande, inauguré vers 1429, et de ses instruments d'astronomie. Auparavant, les observations du ciel étaient réalisées à la médersa.

Les travaux menés par Oulough Beg, Qadi-zadeh Roumi, al-Kachi et quelques soixante autres savants aboutirent à la publication des tables sultaniennes (zij-é solTâni, en persan), parues en 1437 mais améliorées par Oulough Beg jusque peu avant sa mort en 1449. Les données des Khaqani zij y furent bien sûr utilisées.

Des lettres écrites en persan par al-Kachi à son père décrivent en détail la vie scientifique à Samarcande à cette époque. Seuls Qadi-zadeh Roumi et Oulough Beg trouvent grâce à ses yeux. Al-Kachi était d'un tempérament peu raffiné, mais Oulough Beg le traitait avec bienveillance du fait de ses compétences.

Al-Kachi calcula le nombre π avec une précision de seize décimales, la plus grande précision pendant près de deux siècles.

 

 

 

Yaşam Öyküsü

Doğum ve ölüm tarihi kesin olarak bilinmemektedir. Öğrenimini Kaşan’da tamamlamış, Uluğ Bey'in daveti üzerine Semerkand'a gitmiş ve çalışmalarına burada devam etmiştir. Matematik ve astronomi üzerine çalışmaları olan al-Kaşi, aritmetikte ondalık sistemi ilk kullanan kişidir. Meraga Gözlemevi’nde yapılmış olan gözlemleri içeren İlhan’ın Zici adlı zicteki tabloları yeniden hesap ederek İlhan’ın Zici’ni tamamlayan Hakan’ın Zici adlı eserini yazmıştır; Süllem el-Sema adlı eserinde ise gök cisimlerinin uzaklıkları sorununu tartışmıştır.

Gıyaseddin Cemşid al-Kaşi’nin en önemli eseri, Ortaçağ İslâm Dünyası’ndaki matematik bilgisini bütün yönleriyle serimlediği Matematiğin Anahtarı adlı kitabıdır; bu eserinin bir bölümünde ondalık kesirleri kuramsal yönden incelemis ve bu kesirlerle toplama, çıkarma, çarpma ve bölme gibi aritmetiksel işlemlerin nasıl yapılacağını örnekleriyle göstermiştir; burada vermiş olduğu bilgiler daha sonra 16. yüzyılın Osmanlı ünlü matematikçilerinden ve astronomlarından Takiyüddin (Arapça: تقي الدين محمد بن معروف الشامي السعدي, Taqī al-Dīn Abū Bakr Muhammad ibn Qādhī Ma'rūf ibn Ahmad al-Shāmī al-'Asadī al-Rāsid)tarafından kullanılacak, trigonometri ve astronomiye uygulanarak geliştirilecektir.

Usule uygun, sin 1° belirlemek için Gıyaseddin Cemşid al-Kaşi aşağıdaki çözümü bulmuş, sonraları 16. yüzyılda Fransız matematikçilerinden François Viète tarafından sık sık kullanılmıştır.

غياث الدين الكاشي

غياث الدين بن مسعود بن محمد الكاشي (المتوفي سنة 839 هـ/1436 م) من أعظم من اشتهر في القرن التاسع الهجري بالحكمة و الرياضيات و الفلك و النجوم و غيرها.

ولد في مدينة كاشان -قاشان- في بلاد فارس و كان يقيم فيها مدة، ثم ينتقل إلى مكان آخر .

درس الكاشي النحو والصرف والفقه والمنطق، ثم درس الرياضيات وتفوق فيها. ولا غرابة في ذلك، فإن والده كان من أكبر علماء الرياضيات والفلك. وقد عاش الكاشي معظم حياته في سمرقند، وفيها بنى مرصداً سماه "مرصد سمرقند". حيث توجه إلى سمرقند بدعوة من میرزا محمد طارق بن شاه رخ(اولغ بك ) الذي كان يحكم البلاد آنذاك ، و الذي كما قيل أنه كان محبا للعلماء شغوفا بالعلم ، و هناك في سمرقند وضع أكثر مؤلفاته التي كانت سببا في تعريف الناس به .

و بالرغم من ما للكاشي من شهرة كبيرة في الأزياج و المراصد والرياضيات و غيرها و من مكانة علمية جديرة بالتقدير فإنه لم يعرف حقه في كتب التراجم و التاريخ ، بل قد أهمل شأنه كشأن غيره الكثيرين من المفكرين البارزين في الإسلام . و هو من الذين لهم فضل كبير في مساعدةمیرزا محمد طارق بن شاه رخ (اولغ بك ) في إثارة همته للعناية بالرياضيات و الفلك ، و أحد الثلاثة الذين اشتهروا باهتمامهم بالعلوم الرياضية و الفلكية ، و هم :( غياث الدين الكاشي ) و قاضي زاده رومي و علي القوشي ، الذين اشتغلوا في مرصد ( سمرقند ) و اشتركوا فيه ، و عاونوا (اولغ بك ) في اجراء الإرصاد و عمل الأزياج ، و كان هذا المرصد إحدى عجائب زمانه فقد زود بالأدوات الكبيرة و الألات الدقيقة .

و اشتهر الكاشي في علم الهيئة . كما أنه شرح كثيراً من إنتاج علماء الفلك الذين اشتغلوا مع نصير الدين الطوسي في مرصد "مراغة"، كما حقق جداول النجوم التي وضعها الراصدون في ذلك المرصد. وقدر الكاشي تقديراً دقيقاً ما حدث من كسوف للشمس خلال ثلاث سنوات (بين 809 هــ و811 هـ/1407 و1409 م). وهو أول من اكتشف أن مدارات القمر و عطارد إهليليجية.

أما في الرياضيات، فقد ابتكر الكاشي الكسور العشرية، ويقول سمث في كتابه "تاريخ الرياضيات" : "إن الخلاف بين علماء الرياضيات كبير، ولكن غالبيتهم تتفق على أن الكاشي هو الذي ابتكر الكسر العشري". كما وضع الكاشي قانوناً خاصاً بتحديد قيس أحد أضلاع مثلث انطلاقا من قيسي ضلعيه الآخرين و قيس الزاوية المقابلة له بالإضافة إلى قانون خاص بمجموع الأعداد الطبيعية المرفوعة إلى القوة الرابعة. ويقول كارادي فو في حديثه عن علماء الفلك المسلمين : "ثم يأتي الكاشي فيقدم لنا طريقة لجمع المتسلسلة العددية المرفوعة إلى القوة الرابعة، وهي الطريقة التي لا يمكن أن يتوصل إليها بقليل من النبوغ".

 

Jamshid Al-Kashi

Biography
Al-Kashi was one of the best mathematicians in the Islamic world. He was born in 1380, in Kashan, in central Iran. This region was controlled by Tamurlane, better known as Timur, who was more interested in invading other areas than taking care of what he had. Due to this, al-Kashi lived in poverty during his childhood and the beginning years of his adulthood.

The situation changed for the better when Timur died in 1405, and his son, Shah Rokh, ascended into power. Shah Rokh and his wife, Goharshad, a Persian princess, were very interested in the sciences, and they encouraged their court to study the various fields in great depth. Their son, Ulugh Beg, was enthusiastic about science as well, and made some noted contributions in mathematics and astronomy himself. Consequently, the period of their power became one of many scholarly accomplishments. This was the perfect environment for al-Kashi to begin his career as one of the world’s greatest mathematicians.

Eight years after he came into power in 1409, Ulugh Beg founded an institute in Samarkand which soon became the world’s most prestigious university. Students from all over the Middle East, and beyond, flocked to this academy in the capital city of Ulugh Beg’s empire. Consequently, Ulugh Beg harvested many great mathematicians and scientists of the Muslim world. In 1414, al-Kashi took this opportunity to contribute vast amounts of knowledge to his people. His best work was done in the court of Ulugh Beg, and it is said that he was the king’s favourite student.

Al-Kashi was still working on his book, called “Risala al-watar wa’l-jaib” meaning “The Treatise on the Chord and Sine”, when he died in 1429. Some scholars believe that Ulugh Beg may have ordered his murder, while others say he died a natural death. The details are unclear.

 

General Information About AUD(American University of Dubai)

AMERICAN UNIVERSITY OF DUBAI

The American University in Dubai is situated next to Dubai Media City, Dubai Internet City, and the Palm Islands. It is 15 minutes from the heart of Dubai's financial and commercial centre and 25 minutes from Dubai International Airport.

AUD's multi-complex facility is situated on grounds of approximately 1,300,000 sq. ft. and encompasses three academic buildings, a Student Center, an administration building, residence halls, a cafeteria area, and an open air sports facilities.

Academic Buildings
The Engineering Building which was inaugurated in 2002 is equipped with the latest technology and caters to the needs of the Electrical, Civil and Computer Engineering students. It also contains a myriad of computer laboratories which are at the disposal of Information Technology and Engineering students. This building also houses the offices of the Center for Executive Programs and Professional Services

The Arts Building contains in addition to the computer labs several rooms that are equipped for and used by both Interior Design and Visual Communication students, in addition to a photo studio and a dark room. Business classes and many liberal course sessions are conducted in the Business School.

The Student Center
The Student Center Building is the most recent addition to the campus. The Center extends over an area of 13,000 m², 2,600 m² of which are occupied by central courts and a stadium.

The ground floor encompasses a cafeteria, a central kitchen with all of its amenities, and a 4,300 square feet dinning area. A central indoor football field is designed so that it can be dismantled into two independent courts and used as a basketball or volleyball court. This court hasa stadium with a capacity of two thousand five hundred spectators, in addition to an outdoor stadium that lies across the soccer field, and that can accommodate three hundred spectators.

This ground floor also has two squash play grounds, two locker rooms, with shower booths assigned for males and females, a barber shop, a beauty salon, a travel agency, a bank, a copy center, an AUD souvenir shop, a book store, a supermarket, and three shops.

The first floor accommodates one food court with six outlets, six kitchens, six stores, and a 4,300 square feet dining area, a restaurant for external vendors, one store room, one multipurpose 144 capacity high tech hall, and a meeting room for approximately thirty-six players. It also has an office for the AUD sports coaches, two 1,600 square feet gymnasiums for gents and ladies, and a sports office.

The second floor includes one hall with the capacity for a hundred people, nine classrooms/labs, one storage room, seventeen offices, one conference room, two control rooms for the central court, and a lobby/waiting area.

Finally, the third floor has nine classrooms/labs, a storage room, twenty-one offices, one conference room, and one lobby/waiting area.

Administration Building
The main administration building houses all the administrative offices. The University's main auditorium is housed within the main administration building and has a capacity for an audience of 900 guests. It is fully equipped with the latest sound and light systems. AUD's 11,706 sq. ft library is also located in the main administration building.

Residence Halls
Student Residence Halls are located in the northwest corner of the AUD campus and have a capacity to house 536 students. They are within 2–5 minutes' walking distance from the academic buildings, library, computer labs, cafeteria, grocery shop and the outdoor sports facilities. Each residence hall has a laundry room, a study area, a TV lounge, and a fully equipped kitchen and dining room. Campus satellite television service is provided in each lounge. High-speed Internet connections are standard in each room of all four residence halls. A separate female gym and male gym are available for use by housing residents. This complete fitness facility is provided free to students living in the residence halls.

Open door facilities
The campus outdoor facility includes basketball, tennis & volleyball courts, a soccer field and a swimming pool

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